Economic Development Essay -- essays research papers fc

Area Bangladesh is situated in South Asia and offers fringes with India toward the west, the north and the east. Toward the southeast lies Burma. The southern shores are washed by the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh possesses a rich delta made by two of Asia's biggest stream frameworks, the Ganges and the Brahmiputra. Legislative issues Bangladesh is perhaps the most youthful country in Asia. Until more than two decades back, it framed the eastern portion of Pakistan; the western half lay more than 2,000 km away, on the opposite side of India. In 1971, Pakistan's military endeavored to quell an East Pakistani development for local self-sufficiency which prompted a bleeding common war. India joined the war toward the beginning of December of that year and, soon thereafter, Bangladesh turned into an autonomous country. A parliamentary majority rule government was built up and Sheik Mujibur Rahman came to control. Mujib was killed in August 1975 during a military overthrow. A short time later Bangladesh experienced a fierce period portrayed by a progression of military overthrows. The last military ruler Gen. Hussain Mohammad Ershad, governed for a long time, in the long run toppled by a regular citizen development in December 1990. Races were held in 1991 under an unbiased government and Khaleda Zia of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) turned into the nation's first chosen Prime Minister in quite a while. In the parliamentary political decision held in June 1996, the Awami League, drove by Sheik Mujibur Rahman's girl Sheik Hasina, came to control. The Awami League won 51 percent of seats in parliament; trailing behind the Awami League were the BNP with about 36 percent of the seats and Hussain Mohammad Ershand's Jatiyo Party with 10 percent. The remainder of the seats were won by other little gatherings and individual applicants. The Bangladeshi parliament has a solitary administrative chamber with 330 individuals. 300 individuals are legitimately chosen based on grown-up establishment while 30 ladies individuals are chosen by implication. Bangladesh has risen as a pioneer of the development of creating nations. The nation keeps up close binds with Saudi Arabia and other Middle Eastern nations, which utilize enormous quantities of Bangladeshi specialists. Relations with India have improved impressively because of the commonsense methodology taken by the current government. All the more as of late, a flood of Burmese Muslim evacuees over the Southeastern fringe has made strains with the Burmese specialists. T... ...1980). BRAC: Who Gets What and Why: Resources Allocation in a Bangladesh Village. (Dhaka, 1979). M. Cain, "Risk Insurance: Perspectives on Fertility and Agrarian Change in India and Bangladesh," Population and Development Review, Vol. 7, No. 3, September 1981, S. 435-474 Samiul Hasan et al., "Voluntary Organizations in Bangladesh: A Profile," Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1992. Harrison, Paul. Inside the Third World. London, England: Penguin Group. 1988. Ehrhardt, Roger. Canadian Development Assistance to Bangladesh. Ottawa, Canada: The North-South Institute. Distributed in 1983. â€Å"US Bangladesh Sign PL 480 Agreement†. US Department of State Dispatch. Mar23, 1992, Vol.3 Issue 12, p232, 1/3p. On the web. EBSCOhost. â€Å"Grameen way to deal with advancement in Bangladesh: An Overview†. Contemporary South Asia, Jul96, Vol.5 Issue 2, p207, 8p. On the web. EBSCOhost. â€Å"A story of two sisters: Two Decades of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in Bangladesh†. Contemporary South Asia, Jul96, Vol.5 Issue 2, p149, 24p. On the web. EBSCOhost. â€Å"Bangladesh-General Information.† The World Factbook. Internet. www.odci.gov/cia/distributions/factbook/.html

Corporate Accounting for J.P Morgan Chase Bank - myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theCorporate Accounting for J.P Morgan Chase Bank. Answer: Doled out Name of the Company Related Party Category Sort of Related Party Transaction Related Party Amount J.P. Morgan Chase Bank Related Party Buy $15,070,316 J.P. Morgan Chase Bank Related Party Buy (Common Stock) $13,147,745 J.M Smucker Company Related Party Buy (Common Stock) $164,211 American Century Related Party Move under money understanding $3,386,703 Basic assessment of the related party exchange of J.P Morgan Chase Bank and J.M Smucker Company: The related party exchange of Procter and Gamble speaks to a specific arrangement of the organization for interest in portions of common finances that is overseen by the J.P Morgan Chase Bank. It merits referencing that J.P Morgan Chase Bank is the trustee that is characterized by the arrangement and along these lines, the above expressed exchange qualify as the gathering in-premium exchanges. Moreover, the measure of expenses that is paid identifying with the venture the executives administration were incorporated as the decrease of the arrival earned on every one of the reserve (Roth 2016). A related gathering exchange can be viewed as the exchange that can be viewed as the exchange of assets, administration or some other types of commitments in the midst of the revealing substance alongside its related gathering (Fang et al. 2016). A related individual exchange will be viewed as affirmed if after the total divulgence of the related party enthusiasm for the exchange approved in consistence with the gauges has been gone ahead under segment II and the procedure set out under area III. The board of trustees of Procter and Gamble Australian Private Limited may endorse a related gathering exchange introduced to it given on the off chance that it just introduced to all the data introduced. The exchange isn't conflicting with wellbeing of the organization as the entire (Balsam, Gifford and Puthenpurackal 2017). The board of trustees may in its sole bearing, force such terms and conditions as they regard suitable on the association or related with the related parson in relationship with the endorsement of the related party exchange. All the related party exchange of Procter and Gamble are checked on by the outer sanctioned bookkeeping firm so it can ensure that exchanges are as per the customary course of the business. The exchanges ought to be founded on a safe distance and should be set before the review panel with the end goal of quarterly survey. The related party exchanges that are gone into by the organization are in wellbeing of the association and are as per the arrangement of the AASB 124. Interest in protections are normally presented to various hazard as premium hazard, credit hazard and by and large market instability. The related party exchanges are esteemed at showcase cost for Procter and Gamble so it can make an incentive for its partners. Consistency of Disclosures: Divulgence that is made by the Procter and Gamble Australia Private Limited is in accordance with the AASB 124. Venture that is made in the basic stock are recorded at cost and the related party exchange are continually estimated at cost. The arrangement head didn't recognized any type of restricted gathering in speculations or exchanges at the time revealed during the year finished 2016. On seeing any structure exchange including a related gathering exchange, the boss legitimate official would accumulate the mandatory proof concerning the exchange and decide if it is identified with individual exchange inside the domain of the strategy (Jia, Shi and Wang 2013). The review board of trustees as per the AASB 124 supports the related party exchange that is conflicting with the wellbeing of the association as the entire and it is consistence with the significant enactment. Enthusiasm starting from the immediate and circuitous possession by the related party progress is collected of lower than 10% value will be considered to be a material enthusiasm for different firms which speaks to a related gathering exchange. The related party exchanges strategy has been embraced by the organization to ensure that they are in consistence with the RTP strategy and the equivalent is checked on before the review board on quarterly premise. The review council surveys the exposure of any sort of related gathering exchanges on quarterly premise before the accommodation of the board for endorsement. Reference List: Resin, S., Gifford, R.H. what's more, Puthenpurackal, J., 2017. Related Party Transactions, Corporate Governance and CEO Compensation.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,44(5-6), pp.854-894. Tooth, J., Lobo, G.J., Zhang, Y. what's more, Zhao, Y., 2017. Inspecting Related Party Transactions: Evidence from Audit Opinions and Restatements.Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory. Jia, N., Shi, J. what's more, Wang, Y., 2013. Coinsurance inside business gatherings: Evidence from related gathering exchanges in a rising market.Management Science,59(10), pp.2295-2313. Roth, M., 2016. Related gathering exchanges.

Performance Appraisal Notes

A. Clarify the advantages of execution examination frameworks inside an association in which you address the accompanying: A1. Present the ideal aftereffects of a solid and steady and all around conveyed execution examination. *If the organization builds up a decidedly ready and very much conveyed execution examination, what are the best outcomes the organization can anticipate? (worker imminent and friends viewpoint are acceptable here) Performance examinations are an instrument that most organizations use while surveying their employees.A decidedly ready and all around conveyed execution evaluation can be advantageous to both the representative and the organization. The organization benefits from multiple points of view when they convey this sort of execution evaluation. The exhibition evaluation process permits the organization to repeat the objectives that they have, just as change the need of past objectives. Things change constantly and the assessment would be the ideal spot to make this mindful to representatives. The organization likewise can utilize these exhibition assessments when they are planning to advance inside the company.When the organization advances from inside it makes an ethical lift to current workers by telling them that there are chances for development inside the organization. The assessments additionally give the organization a paper trail of documentation for use if legitimate moves are ever made. This will show noble motivation for the choices made by the organization. These choices could be connected to advancement, end, compensation raises, and even terrible showing documentation. It is consistently to the greatest advantage of the organization to keep documentation that will legitimize all decisions.The organization likewise benefits by learning territories of required improvement to help raise profitability and good all through the organization. Workers will see the dedication the organization has towards them when the organizat ion puts time and cash into their employee’s improvement. Individual objectives of the representatives is another advantage the organization has through execution assessments. The organization can see where the representative needs to be later on, which may reveal a potential administration student that was disregarded. Organizations can enormously profit by advancing workers that have individual objectives that match organization goals.The organization isn't the main element that profits by these presentation evaluations. The worker benefits as much as the organization does. The exhibition examination process gives every worker a vis-à-vis meeting with their director or supervisor. This is an ideal possibility for the worker to realize precisely what the organization anticipates from them. This allows to clear up any issues or questions that may have been burdening the worker. A solid and steady and all around conveyed execution examination will raise the lesson of the repr esentative as well.The worker will realize what explicit things he has progressed admirably, which will empower them to keep them up. The regions that the manager feels needs improvement will be talked about and the two of them can concur on a method of getting the representative additionally preparing. The representative feels progressively engaged with these choices when the boss takes into account their contribution on choices. This causes the worker to feel the organization has steadfastness and along these lines the organization needs to enable the representative to accomplish all their presentation objectives. The representative likewise benefits by telling the organization their future goals.This will take into consideration the organization to enable the worker to out in all manners conceivable. For instance, the representative might need to be in an alternate office in the following year. The organization might begin broadly educating the worker in that office, along these lines helping the two gatherings arrive at their objectives. This could profit both the organization and the worker by demonstrating support and potentially raising execution. These routinely booked exhibition examinations will advance better execution through workers information on what is anticipated from them.A2. Suggest pre-examination exercises that guarantee they are execution evaluation forms that are valuable to the worker and the organization. *What occurs before the evaluation? (proposal: progressing exercises and in the time proximal to the exhibition audit) It is essential to set aside a few minutes for pre-examination exercises to ensure that the advantages are at max potential. It will hurt the odds of amplifying gains for both the organization and the representative if the accompanying exercises are not done beforehand.The most significant thing with regards to being prepared for the presentation evaluation is as a rule solid and steady. The director needs to ensure t hat he puts aside sufficient opportunity to play out the pre-evaluation exercises. These exercises incorporate building up a period for the evaluation and relating it to the representative, making a point to spread out all new and old objectives for the worker, giving the worker a development duplicate of the survey, gathering the employee’s audit of themselves, and gathering all notes taken that may approve your focuses and stress your choices just as the lastâ performance appraisal.It is imperative to ensure that the representative has sufficient opportunity to plan for the examination. This considers quality input from them and will likewise prompt quality inquiries. So as to make it the most useful examination conceivable, at that point the two sides should be solid and steady. Objectives and desires will be totally comprehended if the two gatherings have a thought of what’s expected of them. The worker can have questions prepared for things that they may not comp rehend. There might be occasions where they can request extra preparing in territories they realize they are more vulnerable in.The demonstration of giving the worker the development duplicate of the audit will ensure that the representative isn't visually impaired sided and will fundamentally bring down the measure of protectiveness. The worker will have questions prepared to ask their supervisors, which will thusly make for an all the more remunerating evaluation. The employee’s audit of themselves will likewise tell the administrator where the representative sees himself performing. This could thusly prepare the director for a worker that felt he was above desires on everything, except as a general rule the administrator seen the all out opposite.This will consider the supervisor to set himself up with the fundamental reactions for the potential circumstances or questions. It is likewise significant for the director to have all the documentation that underpins his idea or choices. A duplicate of the past examination will likewise take into account the supervisor to show what qualities and shortcomings the worker may have had in arriving at past objectives. The administrator will have additionally backing and an appropriate paper documentation reason for all choices. A solid and steady evaluation will prompt a more joyful and a progressively gainful gathering between the two parties.A3. Recommend post-examination exercises that guarantee there are execution examination forms that are useful to the representative and the organization. *What occurs after the evaluation? Exercises that happen soon after the presentation audit (meeting) up through 364 days after. The evaluation is has now been finished up and the time has come to ensure that it stays valuable. It is significant that the worker realizes that the chief will do everything conceivable to ensure the representative can be as well as can be expected. It is currently an ideal opportunity to act ualize the preparation programs that were talked about with the employee.This will show the worker that the organization is putting away the time and cash on them. The organization and the worker will both advantage if the representative arrives at their maximum capacity. Day by day, week after week, or month to month line up gatherings with the representative may likewise be vital and helpful. This will take into account an individual relationship to be framed among administrator and representative, which will thus give a feeling of trust towards the board. Directors can likewise keep on taking notes on perceptions about what the worker is improving at, or can archive what the representative is by all accounts battling with.This will give the chief things to go over when they are having these subsequent gatherings. It is likewise essential to tell the representative that he can go to the chief on the off chance that they have any inquiries or worries about their advancement from th e past evaluation. This will take into consideration the supervisor to give the representative the best possible lodging to satisfy their objectives. A4. Show what can turn out badly when giving criticism. *If you consider the exhibition survey a correspondence circle or discussion, what can turn out badly during this basic input period?Illustration implies giving point of interest and particulars. There are a great deal of issues that can turn out badly through the way toward giving input during a presentation examination. An employee’s good can drop fundamentally if the administrator invests all his energy telling the worker just the things they foul up. The evaluation procedure should concentrate on what the representative is doing well and what territories the organization can assist them with improving in. It is significant that the supervisor underlines that both the organization and the worker profit by amplifying the employee’s performance.The representative ou ght to have some contribution on the territories of preparing they have to improve in. This will permit the representative to have a feeling of proprietorship in the preparation procedure. They will be increasingly bumbling to oblige the lodging and preparing programs settled on. Representatives may likewise get protective in the event that they feel the supervisor is tossing an awful execution audit on them. A representative may stroll into an exhibition examination thinking they have been working admirably, however the administrator tosses them a bend that proposes they are not performing to the organizations standards.If the worker has no clue what’s coming, at that point they will be inclined to protect themselves so as to not look as terrible. There will be a less possibility of the representative concurring with the preparation proposals for development. Another effect from this situation would be that the feeling of trust between the supervisor and representative could be lost. In this occasion, the representative went in to the gathering thinking a

A Look at the Concerns Surrounding Internet Dependency

A Look at the Concerns Surrounding Internet Dependency The new influx of online innovation has seen the Internet assume an undeniably huge position among society all through the previous scarcely any decades. The presentation of Internet-able individual gadgets, for example, mobiles telephones and tablets have conceded clients further access, activating Internet traffic to develop exponentially. Because of this gigantic social move towards the on the web, contemporary issues have showed up on both an intrapersonal and relational scale. Reports during the 1990’s, when the impacts of the Internet strengthened, proposed that some online clients were getting dependent similarly that others may get dependent on medications, liquor or betting. In any case, as has been seen since this underlying visualization, Internet compulsion has demonstrated to be substantially more testing and dubious to sort than elective substance-based addictions. As a rule terms, Internet fixation can be depicted as inordinate distractions, practices or desires with respect to PC and Internet utilize that prompts pain or weakness (Shaw Black, 2008). This exploration audit will recognize significant issues in Internet enslavement, just as diagram the significant debates, for example, the introduction of Internet dependence as an idea, tests established to gauge it, general refrains explicit habit, dependence on gaming and the manifestations of over the top Internet use. Considerable research in the enslavement field had been cultivated all through the twentieth century, nonetheless, because of the general freshness of Internet compulsion, inquire about that unmistakably plots the phases of procurement and the results of this sort of fixation are less conspicuous. First notices of PC habit came through recounted reports in the late 1970’s, explicitly through the media, with informal terms, for example, ‘computer addicts’ and ‘machine-code junkies’ being utilized to depict substantial PC clients. The overall population broadly acknowledged that side effects of PC compulsion incorporated the weakness of mental turn of events and the breakdown of social connections. A couple of scholastics took a fractional enthusiasm for the field all through the 1980’s, anyway genuine research was not led until Shotton (1991) participated in an examination to additionally break down this issue. Through a progression of meetings and surveys, Shotton (1991) found that the impacts of PC dependence were significantly less serious than past writing and the media had recommended, refering to sensible reasons that clarify why people take part in collaborating with a machine so widely. Shotton (1991) accepted that contemplative individuals who got some distance from human connections could discover friendship through registering. Albeit progressive, Shotton’s investigate turned out to be rapidly less appropriate when the Internet rose to distinction in the mid-1990’s definitely changing the capacity and ease of use of PCs. At the 104th yearly gathering of the American Psychological Association in 1996, Young (1998) introduced a paper on the development of another clinical issue known as Internet dependence. Youthful improved the anticipation in the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1995) for Pathological Gambling into a concise poll alluded to as the Internet Addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire (IADQ) utilized as a screening instrument for addictive Internet use where members who scored on at least 5 were regarded as dependant Internet clients. Youthful showed that dependant Internet clients spent a normal of 38.5 hours out of every week on the web, contrasted with 4.9 hours for non-dependant clients. Besides, the examination represented that non-dependant clients saw the Internet as an important wellspring of data and a mechanism for individual and business correspondence. This appears differently in relation to dependant clients, who considered the To be as a critical piece of their lives, emp owering them to meet and associate with new individuals, with numerous frequently favoring their online companions to their genuine connections. The investigation compared the outcomes of Internet dependence on that of different addictions, refering to scholastic issues, work intricacies, mutilated rest designs relationship challenges, and disavowal of utilization as side effects of extreme Internet use. Youthful gives a system to additionally explore on addictive Internet use, inferring that numerous people showed drive control trouble like neurotic betting or liquor misuse. The proposition set forth by Young (1998) started a lot of discussion among scholastics which has proceeded right up 'til the present time. Whiskers and Wolf (2001) battled Young’s guarantee, contending that her rules for Internet dependence were excessively unbending and emotional for self-revealed measures. They suggested that for a person to show Internet habit, they should meet five fundamental standards, and one of three discretionary measures, both getting from Young’s unique survey. Whiskers and Wolf proceed to scrutinize the term ‘Internet addiction’ out and out, clarifying that unreasonable Internet use can't be characterized as a fixation, as it doesn't bring about the entirety of the manifestations and practices related with customary addictions, for example, physical withdrawal. The debate encompassing this term is right now bolder than the hours of days gone by with the Internet’s expanding hang on society. Starcevic and Aboujaoude (2016 ) immovably remain against the analysis ‘Internet addiction’ refering to certain issues with its utilization. They contend against the term from an exacting perspective, refering to that there is no proof that dependence on the Internet as a medium exists, it is simply a facilitator for other conduct addictions. Besides, and dynamically along these lines, the Internet is too ambiguous a term as it alludes to the boundless assortment of practices that could be performed on the web. In that capacity, the term ‘Internet addiction’ ought to be supplanted by increasingly explicit practices. The finishing up contention by Starcevic and Aboujaoude (2016) in the past section takes care of into one of the significant debates encompassing Internet habit, where two ways of thinking have risen. The summed up see accepts that Internet enslavement justifies its own grouping as another mental issue, while the particular view separates an individual’s Internet utilization and characterizes their habit with respect to explicit online exercises. After numerous long stretches of discussion, a cutting edge concentrate by Montag et al. (2015) set out to inspect whether it is fitting to separate among summed up and concentrated Internet compulsion. Members from Europe and Asia finished two summed up scales (IAT and GPIUS-2) and a particular scale created to quantify four areas of web use; video gaming, shopping, informal communities and erotic entertainment. The aftereffects of the examination showed that there are to be sure explicit types of Internet enslavement and that enormo us pieces of both summed up and explicit compulsion don't cover. Be that as it may, this isn't correct on account of informal community fixation as there was an extensive cover among it and summed up Internet compulsion. The writers contend this might be on the grounds that Facebook doesn't exist without the web, in contrast to the next indicated areas. Laconi, Tricard and Chabrol (2015) likewise took an unmistakable fascination for the connection between summed up Internet compulsion and particular web enslavement. This examination had members complete a variety of scales identifying with explicit Internet utilizes (betting, sex, video watching, correspondence, data chasing, gaming, work, shopping) and summed up Internet use. The examination discovered that out of 378 members only 29 indicated side effects of summed up Internet compulsion, as opposed to 170 demonstrating explicit Internet fixation, inciting the creators to require the differentiation between the two. Perhaps the greatest disclosure for Internet enslavement as a determination came as of late when the DSM-5 (2013) presented a non-substance dependence without precedent for its history. Web gaming issue was included Section 3 of the DSM-5 after cautious survey of more than 250 distributions here because of the critical measure of research lately and the outcomes of the condition. Preceding the DSM-5, a significant number of tests were utilized to look at Internet enslavement, producing no unmistakable indicative models. One of the more well known tests was proposed by Young (1998) in her unique paper and known as the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). This scale added to the IADQ as it contained 20 things estimated on a Likert scale. Its inward consistency has been analyzed among an assortment of settings, a large portion of which have demonstrated to be certain (Widyanto McMurran, 2004). Be that as it may, its factor structure has been conflictingly revealed in various settings testing its unique unidimensional plan (Lai et al., 2013). Through an efficient audit of 68 epidemiological investigations on Internet dependence, Kuss et al. (2014) revealed that upwards of twenty-one unique scales were created between the IAT in 1998 to the DSM-5 out of 2013 trying to look at an individual’s dependence on the Internet, each test with their own issues. Petry et al. (2014) talk about the incorporation of Internet gaming issue in the DSM-5 by amassing universal specialists to accomplish accord about surveying this issue in a variety of settings as characterized by the nine measures in the DSM-5. Pre-occupation alludes to the individual pondering gaming while at the same time playing as well as while they are not playing. Withdrawal alludes to specific side effects that develop when one can't start gaming, or when one is attempting to retain from gaming. Resilience signifies that an individual wants to game for stretched out timeframes to feel adequate fervor. The fourth basis is ineffective endeavors to stop or lessen gaming. An individual with Internet gaming issue may likewise project a lo

Ancestral Photograph Essays

Genealogical Photograph Essays Genealogical Photograph Paper Genealogical Photograph Paper Article Topic: Verse There are a few language gadgets utilized in Ancestral Photograph. To begin, Heaney utilized metaphor in the main line, strong as a turnip, this expression recommends that the jaw of the individual in the image is stiffed and unnatural in light of the word strong significance something hard. With the exception of the expression referenced above, there are more that recommends the pressure that the individual had in the image. Dead eyes are sculptures likewise recommends a strained environment since sculpture is a non living thing and it wont move, thus proposing the individual was much the same as a sculpture not having the option to move. Enjambments were utilized broadly in this sonnet, for instance, from line 2 to 3 upper lipBullies. The enjambment stressed the mouth activity of the individual; the upper lip was tormenting the lower lip. The word Bullies gave a feeling that the upper lip was covering lower lip. The expression silver watch chain again indicated that he was sitting troublesomely and had to hold the position since it gave a picture of that the individual was being lashed or tied up with the chain. In the subsequent refrain, Heaney educated about the photograph being taken off, with an enjambment starts to blur.. What's more, must descend. This enjambment not just demonstrated that his memory and feeling towards the individual in the photograph is starting to blur yet it likewise proposed that the image was extremely unimportant to him and that it must be brought down. Later on he underscores the point that the image is not, at this point indispensable to him with a likeness as though a wrap had been torn from skin, this line recommends that it was overlooked on the grounds that a swathe is typically ripped off when the injury is recuperated and no more scar could be seen. Toward the finish of verse two, Heaney made a picture of the image was the key component ensuring the memory of the house with the line Empty plaque to a houses rise and fall. Void plaque was being alluded as where the image was put and it gave a thought that its still the equivalent. The statement houses rise and fall was utilized to show the up tide and the low tide that the family had experienced. In the finishing up refrain, Heaney utilized another enjambment interfacing two famous lines Your stick.. Was stopped behind the entryway and stands there still. The proviso Your stick was speaking to the grouping stick that his dad and uncle utilized when they are busy working, and Heaney likewise communicated that in spite of the fact that he didnt follow his dad or uncles stride he despite everything recollects the family profession and would convey it on with his own specific manners with the expression remains there still.

An Overview of Psychopathology

An Overview of Psychopathology February 05, 2019 More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand History Definition Professionals Diagnostic Systems Psychopathology vs. Normal Behavior Dimensional vs. Categorical Definitions The origin of the term psychopathology dates back to 1913 when this scientific discipline was first introduced by Karl Jaspers, a German/Swiss  philosopher  and psychiatrist. This new framework for understanding the mental experience of individuals followed a long history of varied attempts at making meaning out of the abnormal experiences of individuals. Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin   History of Understanding of Mental Illness Weve come a long way since the earliest beginnings of trying to make sense of mental illness. Although individuals with mental health issues still face stigma and a lack of understanding, things were very different in the past. Hippocrates, the 4th century BC Greek physician, rejected the notion of evil spirits and argued instead that mental illness was a disease of the brain relating to imbalances of bodily fluids. Around the same time, the philosopher Plato argued that distress resulted from an imbalance in the mind-body-spirit connection. If you lived in the 16th century with a mental health problem, chances are you would not have been treated very well. At that time, mental illness was often viewed from a religious or superstitious point of view. Accordingly, it was assumed that people demonstrating strange behavior must have been overtaken by evil spirits or demons. The cure? You would have been tortured to bring you back to sanity. If that didnt work? Execution. Later, in the 18th century, interest surged in the role of childhood and trauma in the development of mental illness. Following on the heels of this era, Sigmund Freud introduced talk therapy in the 19th century to deal with unresolved issues. As of present day, our understanding of mental illness has broadened, and so, thankfully, have the treatments. Definition of Psychopathology How do we currently define psychopathology? In short, it can be thought of as the in-depth study of problems related to mental health. Just like pathology is the study of the nature of disease (including causes, development, and outcomes), psychopathology is the study of the same concepts within the realm of mental health (or illness). This study of mental illness can include a long list of elements: symptoms, behaviors, causes (genetics, biology, social, psychological), course, development, categorization, treatments, strategies, and more. In this way, psychopathology is all about exploring problems related to mental health: how to understand them, how to classify them, and how to fix them. Because of this, the topic of psychopathology extends from research to treatment, and at every step in between. The better we can understand why a mental disorder develops, the easier it will be to find effective treatments. Professionals Involved in Psychopathology Which professionals are involved in the understanding of psychopathology? Just as this area is broad ranging from research to treatment, so too is the list of types of professionals who tend to be involved. At the research level, you will find research psychologists, psychiatrists, neuroscientists, and others trying to make sense of the different manifestations of mental disorders that are seen in clinical practice. At the practical level, you will find many types of professionals attempting to apply the diagnostic systems that are in place to provide effective treatments to individuals living with psychopathology. These can include the following and more: Clinical psychologistsPsychiatristsCounselorsSocial workersPsychiatric nursesNurse practitionersMarriage and family therapistsCriminologistsSociologists Diagnostic Systems of Psychopathology Professionals engaged in research and treatment of psychopathology must use systems to arrive at conclusions regarding the best course of action for treatment. Systems such as these are used to classify what are considered to be mental health disorders or problems that occur in an individual and that are not within their cognitive control. Currently, the most widely used systems for classifying mental illness in the United States are the following: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) The DSM-5 is created by the American Psychiatric Association as an assessment system for mental illness. The DSM-5 includes identifiable criteria that professionals use to arrive at a specific diagnosis for an individual that aids treatment planning. The criteria and list of disorders sometimes change as new research emerges. Some examples of disorders listed in the DSM-5 include major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, paranoid personality disorder, and social anxiety disorder. How Mental Health Professionals Use the DSM Today International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) The ICD-11 is a system similar to the DSM-5. The ICD was developed over a century ago and was taken over by the World Health Organization (WHO) when it was founded in 1948. How does the ICD-11 differ from the DSM-5? First, the ICD-11 is produced by a global agency, while the DSM-5 is produced by a national professional association (the American Psychiatric Association). It is approved by the World Health Assembly composed of health ministers from 193 WHO member countries. Second, the goal of the ICD-11 is to reduce disease burden globally. Third, the ICD-11 is freely available on the Internet. In contrast, the DSM costs money, and the American Psychiatric Association derives revenue from sales of the book and related products. Still, the DSM-5 is the standard for classification among psychologists and psychiatrists and is generally used for treatment and insurance purposes. Research Domain Criteria (RDoc) Beyond these standard systems for classifying mental disorders, there also exists a burgeoning area of research and theory that moves away from the checklist format of making diagnoses. Since its possible to have symptoms of a mental illness but not meet criteria for a diagnosis, studies of descriptive psychopathology hold promise for a better system of understanding. The RDoC is based on translational research from areas such as neuroscience, genomics, and experimental psychology. In this way, the RDoC is involved in describing the signs and symptoms of psychopathology rather than grouping into disorders as has been historically done with the DSM-5 and ICD-11. The RDoC is primarily aimed at planning and funding research. Distinguishing Psychopathology vs. Normal Behavior How do psychologists and psychiatrists decide what extends beyond normal behavior to enter the territory of psychopathology? Psychiatric disorders can be conceptualized as referring to problems in four areas: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. For example, if you were experiencing symptoms of depression and went to see a psychiatrist, you would be assessed according to a list of symptoms (most likely those in the DSM-5): Deviance refers to thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that are unacceptable or not common based on currently held cultural beliefs. In the case of depression, you might report thoughts of guilt or worthlessness that are not common among other people.Distress refers to negative feelings either felt within a person or that result for people around that person. In the case of depression, you might report extreme feelings of distress over sadness or guilt.Dysfunction refers to the inability to achieve daily functions like going to work. In the case of depression, you might report that you cant get out of bed in the morning or that daily tasks take you much longer than they should.Danger refers to violent behavior toward yourself or others. In the case of depression, this could include reporting that you are having thoughts of suicide or harming yourself. In this way, you can see that the distinction between normal versus psychopathological behavior  comes down to how issues are affecting you or the people around you. Often, it is not until things come to a crisis point that a diagnosis is made, because this is when these aspects really show themselves. Dimensional vs. Categorical Definitions Its easy to see that there is some disagreement historically about what constitutes mental illness. At the same time, even in the current field, there is disagreement about how mental illness should be conceptualized. Do different disorders really exist, such that a person with attention-deficit disorder (ADHD) can be strictly differentiated from someone else with an anxiety disorder? Or, are there higher-order overarching factors that play a role in mental illness and that might better explain why some people are diagnosed with many illnesses (called comorbidity)? Some research shows that this could indeed be the case, with categories such as general risk, internalizing risk, and externalizing risk being helpful. Some have noted these problems inherent in the checklist approach to mental health. It might be misleading to group disorders as separate when there can be so much overlap between people diagnosed with different disorders (and so many dissimilarities among people diagnosed with the same disorder). Unfortunately, we are not currently any closer to resolving this issue. Hopefully, in the future, better systems will be developed that will take all these issues in the field of psychopathology into account. A Word From Verywell Are we any closer to an appropriate understanding of psychopathology? That remains to be debated. However, weve certainly moved forward from primitive attempts and moved toward a program of research that holds promise for describing symptoms in a helpful way, rather than classifying and categorizing to the detriment of actually understanding the development of problems and the best ways to treat them. Psychological Disorders Described in the DSM-5

The Top Feeder Schools to Google, Goldman Sachs and More

The Top Feeder Schools to Google, Goldman Sachs and More by: Jeff Schmitt on January 07, 2015 | 7 Comments Comments 199,229 Views January 7, 2015By now, you probably know what work you want to do after you complete school. You may have picked out where you want to live after graduation. If you’re really ambitious, you’ve started targeting particular employers. Chances are, they are all the cool brands: Google, Facebook, Apple, and Goldman Sachs.When it comes to tech firms, you’re no doubt picturing free food, dog-walking services, and a massive rec room. For bankers, it’s car services, in-house gyms, and skyline views. At worst, the prestige of these institutions will rub off on you. At best, you’ll make an impact, move up, and land a fat paycheck (and maybe some shares).   Even if you tire of the grind, you can always leverage your training and network for other opportunities.Laszlo BockMake no mistake: The top undergrads all want to work fo r an Amazon or  JP Morgan. And those companies  recruiters are buried in resumes, emails, and calls from students like you. Google may employ over 55,000 people, but they only hire 4,000 people a year. And that comes out of a pool of 2.5 to 3.5 million applications each year, said Laszlo Bock, Google’s vice president of people operations, at The Economist’s Ideas Economy Innovation Forum in 2013.In other words, you need to stand out  Ã‚  because you’re competing against seasoned professionals, international applicants, and graduate students too. And one way to get your foot in the door is by choosing the right school.WHAT ATTRACTS COMPANIES TO SCHOOLS?There are certain programs that appeal to specific employers. It might be that a particular curriculum (and outside activities) aligns with company needs. A program may carry a track record for graduating successful employees into a company’s ranks. While high-end companies are staunch meritocracies in recruiting, alumni affiliations can tip the scales (note that Goldman Sachs’ CEO, two vice chairmen, and general counsel all hold degrees from Harvard).Universities and employers represent the proverbial chicken-or-the-egg dichotomy. Do schools customize their curriculum to better serve their best employers – or did the curriculum itself help shape those employers in the first place? Consider it a symbiotic relationship, where alumni take their talent to particular  employers, where it is applied to re-shape markets and expectations . . .  resulting in schools re-tooling their programs to keep up. And let’s not forget the effect  of geography. It’s always easier to hire locally.Baruch CollegeSo how do all of these elements work together? Take the City College of New York’s Baruch College for example. Although it doesn’t traditionally rank among the top 50 undergraduate business programs, it is the largest feeder school to Morgan Stanl ey (and the fourth and thirteenth largest feeder to JPMorgan and Goldman Sachs, respectively).Why? First, it is located within a few miles of Wall Street. Then consider its sheer size: Baruch College is the largest undergraduate business program in the United States. And it is one of its most ethnically diverse campuses, making its students attractive to global organizations like financials. Best of all, Baruch College maintains a robust Financial Leadership Program (FLP), a year-long technical and career training program designed to prepare students for summer internships at financials. With all the stars aligned at Baruch College, financials are reciprocating, with firms like Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan holding case study, interviewing, and networking workshops on campus. In short, Baruch students can build personal relationships, institutional knowledge, and work experience long before graduation. Based on the numbers, both the school and employers benefit.NEW YORK SCHOOLS DOMINAT E INVESTMENT BANKINGIf Morgan Stanley leans heaviest on Baruch College, where are other top employers getting their people? To find that information, Business Insider utilized LinkedIn’s University Finder tool, where students can seek out potential mentors based on areas of study, company, and geographic region. They can also figure out how many alums also work at targeted firms.Among investment banks, Goldman Sachs picked undergraduates most heavily from nearby New York University. Goldman Sachs prefers Ivy League schools, with Cornell, Harvard, and Columbia ranking third through fifth among employees with bachelor’s degrees. The firm also recruits heavily in the United Kingdom, with the London School of Economics, Oxford University, and Cambridge University being among their favorites.Morgan Stanley also prefers to shop locally. Four metro New York institutions – Baruch College, New York University, Rutgers University (New Brunswick), and Columbia University à ¢â‚¬â€œ ranked in the  top five for undergraduate alums at Morgan Stanley. Conversely, JPMorgan’s employees were recruited heavily from Ohio State and the University of Phoenix, with nearly 2,900 employees plucked  from those schools. The University of Mumbai ranked third at both Morgan Stanley and JPMorgan in terms of undergraduate placement.STANFORD AND BERKELEY RANK No. 1 AND No. 2 AT GOOGLE AND FACEBOOK.Looking to go the tech route? Head to the Bay Area. At Google and Facebook, Stanford and U.C.  Berkeley rank No. 1 and No. 2 for undergrad alums at these firms. At Apple, these schools rank No. 2 and No. 3 respectively, with San Jose State, a Silicon Valley favorite, nabbing the top spot there.UCLA has also staked out a big presence at Google, Apple, and Facebook, with a collective 1,149 undergraduate employees at these firms. Carnegie Mellon is also a Google favorite, with 901 alumni employed there alone. The University of Texas maintains a heavy presence at Faceboo k and Apple, while you’ll find a strong alum network at Google and Facebook from the University of Michigan and the University of Washington.Finally, you have Amazon, where over 2,200 University of Washington undergrad alums work. And they’re not the only Pacific Northwest firm with a foothold there, as Western Washington University and Washington State both rank fourth and seventh respectively.To see which schools are placing the most undergrads at the most desirable employers, check out our employer tables on the next two pages. Page 1 of 3123 »